Amidst a battlefield saturated with deadly Russian drones, Ukrainian soldiers are increasingly deploying agile, remote-controlled armoured vehicles to undertake critical tasks and safeguard personnel from hazardous operations.
The Ukrainian army is particularly keen to utilise these “robots on wheels,” which resemble miniature tanks, as it grapples with a soldier shortage in a conflict now spanning over three and a half years. These versatile machines are capable of ferrying essential supplies, clearing dangerous mines, and evacuating both the wounded and the deceased.
âIt cannot fully replace people,â said the commander of a platoon of the 20th Lyubart Brigade who goes by the call sign Miami and spoke on condition of anonymity in line with military rules. âI would put it this way: A person can go in there, but for a human itâs (sometimes) far too dangerous.â
The robotic vehicles are mostly made by Ukrainian companies and range in cost from about $1,000 to as much as $64,000, depending on their size and capabilities.
While they have become vital to Ukrainian troops along the 1,000 kilometer (620 mile) front line, such vehicles are not new to warfare.
The German army used a remote-controlled miniature tank â tethered by a wire — called the Goliath in World War II. In recent decades, the U.S., Israel, Britain and China have developed modern versions used for combat engineering and other battlefield roles, according to Ben Barry, a fellow at the International Institute for Strategic Studies. But Ukraine’s extensive deployment of these vehicles is noteworthy and could lead to advances, Barry said.
The Russian army also uses remote-controlled vehicles.
Miami joined the army on the first day of Russiaâs full-scale invasion in February 2022. He served as an infantryman and later a drone operator before his latest assignment. His path reflects how the war itself has evolved.
“I couldnât even imagine that I would become a (drone) pilot,â he said. âBut war is progress, and we cannot stand aside.â
The robotic vehicles his team deploys are armored and mounted on either wheels or tracks. Painted in military colors, they crawl slowly over rubble or dirt roads, easily navigating terrain that would be difficult â or too dangerous — for soldiers.
âThey arrive in one condition, and we improve them,â Miami said. âWe adapt the controls to work better (in the face of Russia’s) electronic warfare so the connection doesnât cut off.”
Miamiâs 10-man team is just starting to incorporate the machines into their missions, mostly using them to deliver food and ammunition to soldiers near the front.
Just like remote-controlled, or first-person view, drones, the use of these vehicles will only grow, said a soldier in Miamiâs unit who goes by the call sign Akim and spoke on condition of anonymity.
âWhen FPV drones first appeared, they werenât popular, but those who pioneered them, (now) show (the best) results,â said Akim.
Before sending a remote-controlled vehicle forward, Akim flies a drone along the planned route to check for obstacles or mines.
Operating from a cramped basement near Kostiantynivka, less than 10 kilometers from the front, Akim can hear the muffled thuds of aerial bombs, the sharp cracks of artillery and the buzzing of drones.
Kostiantynivka, once home to 67,000 people, is a largely deserted city on a shrinking patch of Ukrainian-held territory just west of Bakhmut. It is nearly encircled on three sides by Russian forces. Apartment blocks are scarred by strikes, smoke still rises from recent bombings, and the roads leading toward nearby Pokrovsk are littered with burned-out cars.
The aerial drone allows Akim to scout the city and routes without risking his life.
âEvery time a drone or a robot does something, it means one of our fighters doesnât have to,â Akim said. On top of that, âthe machine doesnât get tired. It can carry as much as needed.â
Akim works in tandem with another soldier operating the robotic vehicle with a joystick. The vehicle has no camera; instead, Akimâs drone feed provides its âeyes.â
On one recent mission, the team loaded it with 200 kilograms (440 pounds) of supplies â ammunition, fuel, water and food â and sent it several kilometers to drone operators closer to the front. The machine moved forward at about six kilometers per hour, delivered its cargo into a well-hidden position in the forest, and returned to base.
Because robotic vehicles move more slowly than cars or trucks, and usually across open ground, they are an easy target â and this is one factor slowing their adoption.
âThatâs why we havenât evacuated many wounded (on these vehicles),” said Miami. “Some refuse to leave because itâs dangerous.â
There are also cost considerations, with the vehicles his platoon uses averaging roughly 400,000 hryvnias ($9,700). âThatâs not too expensive, but when three or four get destroyed in a week, the total adds up,â Miami said.
To make them less vulnerable, Miami and his soldiers have tried welding grill-like cages onto the machines or attaching metallic rollers in front to detect mines. The war provides real-time feedback that is incorporated into newer models being built.
